This was the origin of the Goal System for Apollo, later called the Integrated (or Integral) RF system, then later known as the Unified Carrier System. In this report, it was shown that many on-board electronic functions could be performed very effectively by a single system that was a suitable adaptation of the transponder developed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory for use with the DSIF tracking stations. The concept was presented by Lincoln Laboratory in an initial report on Jtitled Interim Report on Development of an Internal On-Board RF Communications System for the Apollo Spacecraft. The design approach was the development of an alternative integrated communication system functionally compatible with the spacecraft design. The S-Band communications and ranging system was developed by the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts, under task A of the Lincoln Laboratory Apollo contract. The spacecraft radar systems operated on frequencies separate from those of the USB. As a backup the CM could measure range to the LM over the VHF voice link. Apollo still used VHF between astronauts and the Lunar Module (LM) and Lunar Roving Vehicle during extra-vehicular activity between the lander and the command module, and between the spacecraft and Earth stations in the orbital and recovery phases. The USB system did not completely replace all other radio transmitters on Apollo. The Unified S-band (USB) system was developed to address these concerns. Finally, the use of three different frequencies complicated the spacecraft systems and ground support. Apollo also planned to use television transmissions, which were not supported by the existing systems. With the much greater distance of Apollo, passive ranging was not feasible, so a new active ranging system was required. The tracking capability was a C band beacon interrogated by a ground-based radar. Uplink voice and command, and downlink voice and telemetry data were sent via ultra high frequency (UHF) and very high frequency (VHF) systems. The previous programs, Mercury and Gemini, had separate radio systems for voice, telemetry, and tracking. 6 Coherent transponders and Doppler tracking.
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